أكتوبر 2, 2023

صلاح الدين..

في 3 يوليو 1187 تلقى الصليبيون واحدة من أقسى هزائمهم في معركة حطين والتي أدت إلى استعادة العرب للقدس بعد حوالي مائة عام من احتلالها.. ومنذ هذا التاريخ ولم ينقطع الغرب عن الحديث عن صلاح الدين بتبجيل وتقدير في سابقة لم تتكرر أبدا، فأصبح رمزا للفارس النبيل الذي لا يتسم فقط بالشجاعة وإنما بالرحمة مع خصومه واحترام كلمته والعطف على الضعيف بغض النظر عن ديانته والتسامح مع المختلفين معه في الدين.
لا شك إن المساحة التي احتلها صلاح الدين في المصادر العربية والغربية تثير الدهشة، وتجعل تاريخه كتاريخ كل العظماء يتراوح بين الواقع والخيال، فيزيد فيه المجذوبون ويشكك فيه الجهلاء.
ولا ينطوي التاريخ العربي والإسلامي – على كثرة حوادثه – على نماذج كثيرة كصلاح الدين. فهو نموذج فريد من حيث اللحظة التاريخية التي جاء فيها. في وقت التقت فيها الحضارة العربية والإسلامية بتلك الإغريقية والرومانية، واقترب العالمان الإسلامي والمسيحي بعد حروب كانت تجري على الأبواب، فانتقلت إلى الأفنية والطرق والمزارع والأسواق. وصاحب ذلك حركة ترجمة بطيئة ومعاملات تجارية كثيفة كانت كافية بأن يتعرف العالمان على بعضهما من قرب.
وبالتالي فإن الحروب بينهما لم تكن مجرد فتوحات عسكرية كما ذي قبل، بل تحولت لمنافسات أخلاقية وسباق حضاري.
فكانت معركة حطين نموذجا لكل ذلك.. التقى فيها المعسكران لأهداف عسكرية لكنها أيضا لأغراض المنافسة الحضارية.
وتمكن صلاح الدين من تسجيل أهداف غالية في مرمى الطرف الآخر، حتى سجل نفسه – كنموذج أخلاقي وقائد عسكري- جزءا أصيلا في العقل الغربي.
لذلك، ليس غريبا أن يتحدث فولتير بعد رحيل صلاح الدين بحوالي خمسة قرون بكل إعجاب عن “الرجل الذي ترك وصية تُوزع بالعدل بين فقراء المسلمين واليهود والمسيحين، في لفتة منه بأنه عندما يعاني الإنسان فلا يجوز البحث عن ديانته لإنقاذه وإنما البحث عن إنسانيته. وللأسف قليل من أمرائنا المسيحيين من يحمل هذه المعاني”. (في Essai sur les mœurs 1756)
بينما استقى جوتولد افرايم ليسنج Gotthold Ephraim Lessing الشخصية الرئيسية لمسرحيته Nathan le sage (1779) من “بوريتريه لصالح الدين الذي حمل معاني إنسانية وراقية وكان مولعا بالحقيقة”.
أما المؤرخ والروائي الأسكتلندي Walter Scott فقد أبدى إعجابه الشديد بشخصية صلاح الدين في روايته التاريخية the Talisman (1825) متحدثا عنه كنموذج للفارس “الشجاع والذكي والذي كان لا يُنكث وعده ولا يضنّ بكرمه ورحمته على خصومه”.
شخصية صلاح الدين العابرة للزمن، فرضت نفسها على السينما الغربية، فجعلت من مهمة القفز على حقائق التاريخ صعبة في الفترة التي عاشها، باعتباره مثّل الموديل الذي تدور في فلكه كل الأحداث. وهو ما انعكس مثلا على المنتج والمخرج السينمائي Ridley Scott عند تجهيز فيلمه Kingdom of Heaven والذي عُرض سنة 2005.
وفي مجال الدراسات التاريخية، فإني أدعو لقراءة السيدة ماري إيديه A.-M. Eddé ، مديرة البحث في المركز الوطني الفرنسي للبحث العلمي، مدرس التاريخ بجامعة السربون 4 ، ثم أستاذ التاريخ في جامعة رمس، وأخيرا مديرة المعهد بحوث المصادر التاريخية من 2005 – 2010.
السيدة تخصصها هو في التاريخ الإسلامي في العصر الوسيط وخصوصا دراسة المصادر العربية أثناء الحروب الصليبية، وآخر مؤلفاتها عن “سيرة ذاتية لصلاح الدين” منشور في 2008 من إصدارات مكتبة فلاماريو.
حاولت أستاذة التاريخ أن تعالج في كتابها الأخير جوانب الأسطورة في شخصية صلاح الدين لتميزها عن جوانبها الحقيقية، لكنها لم تنجح، لسبب بسيط وهو أن من شخصيات التاريخ من يمثل الجانب الأسطوري في تاريخ الإنسانية، ليس لكونه غير حقيقي وإنما لكونه استثنائي.
صلاح الدين البطل العربي الكردي المسلم.. لم يكن لينتبه أحد لأصوله الكردية في وقت كانت العروبة اللسان وفي وقت مثّل الإسلام فيه الحاضن الحضاري لأصول عرقية بلا عدد.. ولم يكن ليخوض حربا بسبب أخته، لأن الحروب الاستراتيجية لا تندلع فجأة، خصوصا إذا تحدثنا عن حرب غيّرت مسار التاريخ كموقعة حطين..
وكوني أكاديميا يجعلني محبا للنقد وأميل للشك في كل موروث..
لكن الجرأة بلا أدوات هي صفة المغامر الذي يبحر في المحيط بقارب متهالك.. فمصيره الغرق
ولا أرى عيبا في أي نظرة نقدية لتاريخنا..
لكن الفهم والدراسة وامتلاك أدوات البحث والقدرة عليه تسبق النقد..
وفي النهاية فإن التاريخ الذي يتناوله متخصص ليس كالتاريخ الذي يعالجه الروائي.. فالأول يكشف عن الوقائع ويدقق في صحتها إثباتا أو نفيا، أما الثاني فيضعها في حبكته القصصية دون أن يكون له أن يؤكد غير مُحقق أو ينفي ما هو ثابت..
بعض المراجع الحديثة نسبيا للقراءة..

A.-M. Eddé, Saladin, Les Grandes Biographies, Paris, Flammarion, 2008.
L’Orient de Saladin, l’art des Ayyoubides, Exposition présentée à l’Institut du monde Arabe, Paris, du 23 octobre 2001 au 10 mars 2002, Paris, 2001.
J.-M. Mouton, Saladin, le sultan chevalier, Paris, Découvertes-Gallimard, 2001.
M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson, Saladin. The politics of Holy War, Cambridge University Press, 1982.

131 thoughts on “صلاح الدين.. بقلم د. محمد محسوب”

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